CHATTAMBI SWAMIKAL

 CHATTAMBI SWAMIKAL (1853 Aug 25- 1924 May 05)

• Auguest 25- Jeevakarunya Dinam ( Day of Charity)
• Birth Place: Kolloor- Kannamoola, Trivandrum
• Parents: Vasudeva Sharma, Nangema pilla
• Residence: Ulloorkottu Veed
• Real name: Ayyappan.
• Childhood name: Kunjan Pilla
• Also called: Shanmukha Dasan- called by Thycaud Ayya, കാഷായം ധരിക്കാത്ത സന്യാസി, shri/Bala battakaran, Sarva vidhyathi Raja by Eattarayogam, Sdguru, keraleeya yogeevaryan, Paripoorna kalanidhi and Sarvajanaya rishi by Sreenarayana guru
• Kerala Navodhanathinte Margadharssi and Kannimoola
• Clerck of secretriate
• Anandhakumaravelu- athmeeya Guru
• He worked as: A Gumasthan in Puthan Kacheri. He participated the construction of Puthan Kacheri.
• He interested on thalapanth, Kuzhipanth, kilithatt, Gusthi, Kalari etc.
• He got self realization at: Vadiveeswaram in TamilNadu.
• His famous masters are: Pettayil Raman Pillai Asan (given the name chattambi swamikal) , Thycad Ayya (hathayoga vidya), Subbajada Padikal (Sanskrit and Vedhopanishat) Swaminadha deshikal (tamil vyakarana and vedanda shastra) Athmanandha swamikal/ Kumaravelu(marma vidhya)
• His ideology: Theertha Padha System.
• Disciples were known as:Theertha Padar and Eattarayogam
• Famous disciples are: Neelakanda theertha Padar, Paramahamsa Theerdha padar Bodeswaran, Kumbalathu Shanku Pillai.
• The branch of medicine in which Swamikal acquired knowledge:Sidha.
• He worked against the Brahmin dominance in Kerala.
• He met Vivekananda at Ernakulam on 1892.
• The secret of ‘Chinmudra’ revealed to Vivekananda by Chattampi Swamikal.
• Vivekananda commented on Swamikal. I met a real man in Malabar.
• Swamikal said that “Vivekananda is an eagle, I am only a mosquito”
• Swamikal conducted “Patti Sadhya’ against feudal system in Kerala ( Aytham arabikadalil thallenda kalam kazhinju)
• His famous works: Vedhathikara Niroopanam, Adwaita Chintha Padhathi, Sarvamatha Sarasyam, Kristu Matha Niroopanam, Kristu Matha Chedhanam, Pracheena Malayalam, Moksha Pradeepa Khandanam, Adhi Bhasha, Keralathinde deshanamangal..etc 
• He told Avarnas has right to learn vedas in his work Vedhathikara Niroopanam.
• He criticized the work of Christian missionaries through his work: Kristu Matha Chedhanam.
• He argues that the first language of human being is Tamil through his work Adhi Bhasha.
• He criticized the myth of Parasurama on the formation of Kerala
• through his work Pracheena Malayalam
• Samathi Sapthaham, a condolence poem on the death of Swamikal by K.P Karuppan.
• ‘Chattampi Swamikal jeevithavum Krithikalum’ by K. Maheswaran Nair.
• ‘Chattampi Swamikal Jeevithavum Dharsanavum’ by Tony Mathew.
• Sreenarayana Guru wroted: Samadhi Shlokangal is a condolence work on Swamikal.
• His Samadhi at: Panmana, Kollam.
• Temple at Samadhi Place: Bala Bhattaraka Ashramam.
• His postal stamp issued on 2014 Apl. 30.
• Against Mrigabali. (prohibitted by Rani sethu lakshmi bhay)
• 1882- Met Sreenarayana Guru at Aniiyur temple
• Theepolulla vakkukal kathipokanjath bagyam- vedadhikara niroopanam by vivekananda
• Pandit Karuppans' Samadi Sapthham 
• K Maheshwaran Nair has written the biography of chattambi swamikal

https://youtu.be/xtg-phuvEk0?si=SS_R0lD1aKPobJYo

Branches of Linguistics

A. General Linguistics

Syntax - the property of grammar that governs sentence structure

Semantics - the study of meaning as encoded in grammar

Lexis - the complete set of words in a language

Morphology - the property of sound and meaning dynamics in language

Pragmatics - the study of how context contributes to meaning

Theoretical linguistics - the study of language as an abstract object

Generative linguistics - an approach which seeks to ground grammar in a specialized language module

Formalism (linguistics) - the theory of language as a formal system with mathematical-logical rules and a formal grammar

Functional theories of grammar - language as used and coming from use

Quantitative linguistics - the study of quantitative language laws and corresponding general theories

Formal semantics - the study of semantics through formal logic-based models

B. Descriptive Linguistics - describing how a particular language is used

Anthropological linguistics - the place of language in its wider social and cultural context, and its role in making and maintaining cultural practices and societal structures

Historical linguistics - study of historical language change over time

Comparative linguistics - comparing languages to find similarities and historical connections

Phonology - the usage of vocalized sounds and systems of sounds to form language

Graphemics - the study of language writing systems

Phonetics - the study of the speech faculty

Graphetics - the study of writing shapes as assigned to sounds or ideas

Etymology - the study of word histories and origins

Sociolinguistics - the study of society's effects on language

C. Applied Linguistics - finding solutions to real-life problems related to language

Computational linguistics - the use of computation applied to language databasing, analysis, translation, and synthesis

Forensic linguistics - language science applied to the processes of law and justice

Internet linguistics - the study of language usage on the Internet

Language assessment - assessing first or second language faculty in individuals

Language documentation - comprehensive description of the grammar and use practices of languages of a particular group

Language revitalization - is an attempt to halt or reverse the decline of a language or to revive an extinct one

Language education - teaching specific language and language science

Linguistic anthropology - study of how language influences social life

D. Psycholinguistics

- is the study of the psychological and neurobiological factors that enable humans to acquire, use, comprehend and produce language

Cognitive linguistics - an approach which seeks to ground grammar in general cognition

Language acquisition - the study of how children and adults acquire language knowledge and ability

Language development - the study of early language formation

Second-language acquisition - the study of how a second language is learned

Subfields, by linguistic structures studied

Sub-fields of structure-focused linguistics include:

Phonetics – study of the physical properties of speech (or signed) production and perception

Phonology – study of sounds (or signs) as discrete, abstract elements in the speaker's mind that distinguish meaning

Morphology – study of internal structures of words and how they can be modified

Syntax – study of how words combine to form grammatical sentences

Semantics – study of the meaning of words (lexical semantics) and fixed word combinations (phraseology), and how these compose to form the meanings of sentences

Pragmatics – study of how utterances are used in communicative acts – and the role played by context and nonlinguistic knowledge in the transmission of meaning

Discourse analysis – analysis of language use in texts (spoken, written, or signed)

Linguistic typology – comparative study of the similarities and differences between language structures in the world's languages.

Theoretical Text

Kant, Idealism, and Nietzsche:

Kant - Critique of Pure Reason

Kant - Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals

Fichte - An Attempt at a Critique of All Revelation

Hegel - The Phenomenology of Spirit

Hegel - Philosophy of History

Schopenhauer - The World as Will and Representation

Nietzsche - Beyond Good and Evil

Nietzsche - On the Genealogy of Morals

Nietzsche - Twilight of the Idols

Marxism:

Marx - Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844

Marx - Theses on Feuerbach

Marx - The German Ideology

Marx - Capital

Lukacs - History and Class Consciousness

Gramsci - The Prison Notebooks

Phenomenology:

Husserl - The Crisis of the European Sciences

Heidegger - Being and Time

Merleau-Ponty - Phenomenology of Perception

Structuralism:

Saussure - Course on General Linguistics

Levi-Strauss - Tristes Tropiques

Barthes - Mythologies

Psychoanalysis:

Freud - The Interpretation of Dreams

Freud - Totem and Taboo

Freud - Beyond the Pleasure Principle

Freud - Civilization and its Discontents

Jung - Man and His Symbols

Lacan - Ecrits

Lacan - Seminars XI: The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis

Frankfurt School:

Benjamin - "The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction"

Fromm - The Fear of Freedom

Horkheimer - "Traditional and Critical Theory"

Horkheimer and Adorno - The Dialectic of Enlightenment

Adorno - Minima Moralia

Marcuse - Eros and Civilization

Marcuse - The One-Dimensional Man

Adorno - Negative Dialectics

Habermas - The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere

Habermas - The Theory of Communicative Action

Poststructuralism/Postmodernism:

Barthes - Image/Music/Text

Foucault - The History of Madness

Foucault - The Birth of the Clinic

Foucault - Discipline & Punish

Foucault - The History of Sexuality

Derrida - Of Grammatology

Derrida - Writing and Difference

Derrida - Speech and Phenomena

Deleuze and Guattari - Anti-Oedipus

Deleuze and Guattari - A Thousand Plateaus

Lyotard - The Postmodern Condition

Baudrillard - Simulacra and Simulation

Agamben - Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life

Feminism:

de Beauvoir - The Second Sex

Kristeva - The Kristeva Reader

Cixous - The Laugh of the Medusa

Irigaray - Speculum of the Other Woman

Irigaray - This Sex Which Is Not One

Mulvey - "Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema"

Post-Marxism:

Althusser - Reading Capital

Althusser - Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays

Baudrillard - For a Critique of the Political Economy of the Sign

Baudrillard - The Mirror of Production

Jameson - Postmodernism, or, the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism

Badiou - Theory of the Subject

Laclau and Mouffe - Hegemony and Socialist Strategy

Zizek - The Sublime Object of Ideology

Derrida - Spectres of Marx

Hardt and Negri - Empire

Hardt and Negri - Multitude: War and Democracy in the Age of Empire

Hardt and Negri - Commonwealth

Postcolonial Theory:

Fanon - The Wretched of the Earth

Said - Orientalism

Spivak - "Can the Subaltern Speak?"

Bhabha - The Location of Culture

Mignolo - The Darker Side of the Renaissance: Colonization and the Discontinuity of the Classical Tradition

Queer Theory:

Butler - Gender Trouble

Sedgwick - Epistemology of the Closet

Halberstam - Female Masculinity

Halperin - Saint Foucault: Towards a Gay Hagiography

Edelman - No Future: Queer Theory and the Death Drive